plot(), 337, 341, 344, 348, 350, 352

plot.geodata(), 345

points(), 346, 350, 352

postscript(), 338

q(), 338

QQ plots, 349

qqline(), 349

qqnorm(),349

quantile(), 346

rast.get(), 336, 341, 346

rast.put(), 346

rm(), 338 round(), 349 rug(), 348

Spearfish examples, 335

str(), 336, 344

summary(), 335

surf.ls(), 335, 337, 352

system(), 336

table(), 339, 348 tapply(), 339, 349 text(), 346, 352

title(), 337, 346, 348, 350

trend surface, 337, 352 trmat.G(), 337, 352

univariate statistics, 336 r.average, 112, 339 r.bilinear, 109

r.buffer, 118 r.cats, 94, 118

r.centroid, 276 r.clump, 96

r.colors, 86, 116, 158, 179, 210-211, 240, 247, 292-293, 299-300, 333

r.composite, 180, 239

r.contour, 107, 146 r.cost, 121, 123 r.cross, 117

r.digit, 250, 269

r.drain, 122 r.fillnulls, 98 r.flow, 125, 290, 293

r.his, 180

r.hydro.CASC2D, 125 r.in.arc, 116 r.in.bin, 60, 207

r.in.gdal, 57-59, 207, 216, 281

r.in.poly, 59 r.in.tiff, 207

r.info, 30, 90, 92, 166, 211 r.le.patch, 130

r.le.pixel, 130 r.le.setup, 130

r.le.trace, 130 r.line, 106, 132, 146

r.los, 127

r.mapcalc, 89, 99, 117, 12.3, 125, 146, 171, 223,

226, 229, 234, 250, 269, 293, 295, 299-300, 332

command line, 104

MASK, 104, 222

NULL, 102 r.mask, 97, 295 r.median, 113 r.mfilter, 234 r.null, 98, 171 r.out.arc, 83 r.out.ascii, 68 r.out.mpeg, 183 r.out.ppm, 67 r.out.ppm3, 181, 239 r.patch, 115-116

r.poly, 106, 132, 146, 268, 270 r.profile, 88

r.proj, 46, 48, 216

r.random, 109, 150, 153, 293 r.reclass, 91, 96, 247 r.reclass.area, 93, 270

r.recode, 105, 110

r.report, 88, 94-95, 115, 146, 279, 295-296, 300,

-305, 339 r.resample, 110 r.ros, 130 r.sim.water, 125 r.slope.aspect, 226, 290, 305 r.stats, 68, 88, 95-96 r.sun, 126

r.sunmask, 126, 225-226 r.support, 58, 61, 90, 247, 297, 299 r.surf.area, 113 r.surf.contour, 150 r.surf.fractal, 127 r.surf.idw, 108

r.surf.idw2, 108

r.terraflow, 124-12.5

r.texture, 269

r.thin, 106, 236 r.timestamp, 90

r.to.sites, 108-109, 146, 152

r.topmodel, 125, 130 r.transect, 88

r.univar-, 107, 111, 295, 301 r. volume, 113 r.watershed, 124-125 r.what, 87, 224 r3.out.v5d, 195 r3.to.sites, 152

radiometric resolution, 205, 209 radiometric transformations, 231 rainfall factor, 289 raster data model, 8 raster data structure reorganizing, 58

raster data

floating point, 100 integer, 100

interpolation See also interpolation, 108

transformation to sites model, 108 raster formats See also formats, 57 raster formats

ASCII, 57

binary, 57

image, 57 raster image

export, 67

import, 57 raster map types, 54 raster maps

algebra, 99

assigning category labels, 93 assigning new attributes, 94 automated vectorization, 105 binarization, 236 bounding gap free, 66 buffer, 118 color tables, 86

conversion between raster map types, 110

display, 85

filling data holes, 98

floating point, 100, 179

import, 57 legend, 86

managing category labels, 93

mask, 97 metadata, 90 NULL, 98 patching, 115

profile, 87

query, 87

reclassification, 91 resampling, 56, 110 resolution, 55 subsets, 88

univariate statistics, 111

value replacement, 111

zoom, 88 raster model, 9 reclassification, 91, 214 reclassified map

raster, 55

vector, 144 region, 55 rejection map, 245 remote sensing

microwave, 201

optical, 201

reprojection, 46

resampling, 56, 110

resolution, 9, 38, 41, 108, 114, 204

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, 289

RGB color composites, 238

RGB color model, 237

RGB, 292

rgb2gifanim, 193

rm, 34

RMS error, 64, 77, 166, 219, 265 roughness penalty

See also surface smoothness, 161

route

optimal, 122

rows, 9

RST interpolation method, 292 RST

smoothing, 293

tension, 293

rug(), 348 RUSLE, 289 RUSLE3D, 289 s.hull, 146

s.in.ascii, 81, 120, 153, 168, 171

s.in.atkisdgm, 81

s.in.dbf, 81

s.in.garmin.sh, 81, 355 s.in.mif, 81 s.in.shape, 81 s.info, 30, 154 s.mask, 155 s.normal, 156 s.out.ascii, 83, 165 s.out.e00, 83 s.perturb, 153 s.proj, 46, 48 s.qcount, 156 s.random, 153 s.sample, 153

s.surf.idw, 160, 167

s.surf.rst, 98, 109, 150, 160, 166, 293

s.sirf.rstcv, 166 s.sv, 156

s.to.rast, 83, 157, 169 s.to.rast3, 157, 174

s.to.vect, 199 s.univar, 156 s.vol.idw, 174 s.vol.rst, 160, 166, 172

s.volt.rst, 160, 175 s.voronoi, 158 SAR SLC, 208 satellite data

color composites, 212, 238

contrast enhancement, 210

export, 206

geocoding, 215

geometric preprocessing, 215

groups, 214

image calibration, 222

image fusion, 237

import, 206

radiometric preprocessing, 222

rectification, 219

resolution, 204

surface temperature map, 228

thematic reclassification, 242

thermal channel, 228

variances, 232 saturation, 238 scale factor, 16, 19 scale, 8

scanned map, 61

rectification, 65 scanner, 66, 258 scatterplot, 214 script, 274 scripts, 274 SDTS format

export, 79

import, 73 sea level, 15 sed, 158, 273, 367 segmentation

aerial photo, 268 segmented processing, 166 semivariogram model See also variograms, 156

Sequential Maximum A Posteriori classifier

SSee also SMAP, 244 SGI GL, 195 shade.rel.sh, 180 shadow map, 126

SHAPE format, 27, 356

export, 78

import, 70 shell scripts, 274-275 shell, 273

shoreline data (GSHHS), 77

shortest distances, 120, 122, 154

simple features, 70 simulations, 13 sink filling, 125

site, 10, 151

sites maps

creating subsets, 154 creating, 81 digitizing, 151 export, 83

generating in GRASS, 152

import, 81

managing, 154

spatial interpolation, 157

timestamp, 81

transformation to rasters, 157 univariate statistics, 156 viewing, 154 sites model, 80

skeletonizing raster lines, 105, 236 Skencil, 199 slide.show.sh, 142 slope, 109

SMAP, 244, 251, 268 smoothness seminorm

See also surface smoothness, 161 snapping threshold, 133

soil factor, 289

soil loss

annual, 289

solar energy maps, 126, 317 source code structure, 283 spaghetti maps, 138 spatial analysis, 13 spatial convolution, 234 spatial domain, 233 spatial interpolation, 151 spatial resolution, 205

Spearfish data set, 28, 85, 206, 335

spectral resolution, 205 spectral vector, 243 spectrum

green vegetation, 202

infrared, 201

microwaves, 201 thermal, 201 unvegelated soil, 202

visible, 201

water, 202

sphere, 14 spheroid, 15

splines, 10, 157

See also interpolation, RST, 171 SPOT-1 data, 240 SPOT-1 HRV images, 208 SPOT-1 PAN image, 208 standard parallel, 16

State Plane Coordinate System, 17, 19, 42

stdout, 67, 79, 88

Stefan-Boltzmann equation, 229

stereo aerial images, 208

subgroup signature, 251

sun illumination, 126, 317

sun position calculation, 126, 226

SUN-raster format

import, 206 surface calculation, 113 surface smoothness, 161 tail, 367 tar, 28, 34

TARGA format

export, 67 Tasseled Cap transformation, 224

tcltkgrass, 29, 57, 179, 273

temperature map, 228 terrain effects, 222